JSP動態網頁開發原理詳解
一、什么是JSP?
JSP全稱是Java Server Pages,它和servle技術一樣,都是SUN公司定義的一種用于開發動態web資源的技術。
JSP這門技術的最大的特點在于,寫jsp就像在寫html,但它相比html而言,html只能為用戶提供靜態數據,而Jsp技術允許在頁面中嵌套java代碼,為用戶提供動態數據。
二、JSP原理
2.1、Web服務器是如何調用并執行一個jsp頁面的?
瀏覽器向服務器發請求,不管訪問的是什么資源,其實都是在訪問Servlet,所以當訪問一個jsp頁面時,其實也是在訪問一個Servlet,服務器在執行jsp的時候,首先把jsp翻譯成一個Servlet,所以我們訪問jsp時,其實不是在訪問jsp,而是在訪問jsp翻譯過后的那個Servlet,例如下面的代碼:
index.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>" rel="external nofollow" > <title>First Jsp</title> </head> <body> <% out.print("Hello Jsp"); %> </body></html>
當我們通過瀏覽器訪問index.jsp時,服務器首先將index.jsp翻譯成一個index_jsp.class,在Tomcat服務器的work\Catalina\localhost\項目名\org\apache\jsp目錄下可以看到index_jsp.class的源代碼文件index_jsp.java,index_jsp.java的代碼如下:
package org.apache.jsp;import javax.servlet.*;import javax.servlet.http.*;import javax.servlet.jsp.*;import java.util.*;public final class index_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent { private static final JspFactory _jspxFactory = JspFactory.getDefaultFactory(); private static java.util.List _jspx_dependants; private javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory; private org.apache.AnnotationProcessor _jsp_annotationprocessor; public Object getDependants() { return _jspx_dependants; } public void _jspInit() { _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory(); _jsp_annotationprocessor = (org.apache.AnnotationProcessor) getServletConfig().getServletContext().getAttribute(org.apache.AnnotationProcessor.class.getName()); } public void _jspDestroy() { } public void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws java.io.IOException, ServletException { PageContext pageContext = null; HttpSession session = null; ServletContext application = null; ServletConfig config = null; JspWriter out = null; Object page = this; JspWriter _jspx_out = null; PageContext _jspx_page_context = null; try { response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8"); pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response, null, true, 8192, true); _jspx_page_context = pageContext; application = pageContext.getServletContext(); config = pageContext.getServletConfig(); session = pageContext.getSession(); out = pageContext.getOut(); _jspx_out = out; out.write("\r"); out.write("\n");String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; out.write("\r\n"); out.write("\r\n"); out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n"); out.write("<html>\r\n"); out.write(" <head>\r\n"); out.write(" <base href=\""); out.print(basePath); out.write("\">\r\n"); out.write(" \r\n"); out.write(" <title>First Jsp</title>\r\n"); out.write("\t\r\n"); out.write(" </head>\r\n"); out.write(" \r\n"); out.write(" <body>\r\n"); out.write(" "); out.print("Hello Jsp"); out.write("\r\n"); out.write(" </body>\r\n"); out.write("</html>\r\n"); } catch (Throwable t) { if (!(t instanceof SkipPageException)){ out = _jspx_out; if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0) try { out.clearBuffer(); } catch (java.io.IOException e) {} if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t); } } finally { _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context); } }}
我們可以看到,index_jsp這個類是繼承 org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase這個類的,通過查看Tomcat服務器的源代碼,可以知道在apache-tomcat-6.0.20-src\java\org\apache\jasper\runtime目錄下存HttpJspBase這個類的源代碼文件,如下圖所示:
我們可以看看HttpJsBase這個類的源代碼,如下所示:
/* * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */package org.apache.jasper.runtime;import java.io.IOException;import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import javax.servlet.jsp.HttpJspPage;import javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory;import org.apache.jasper.compiler.Localizer;/** * This is the super class of all JSP-generated servlets. * * @author Anil K. Vijendran */public abstract class HttpJspBase extends HttpServlet implements HttpJspPage{ protected HttpJspBase() { } public final void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { super.init(config); jspInit(); _jspInit(); } public String getServletInfo() { return Localizer.getMessage("jsp.engine.info"); } public final void destroy() { jspDestroy(); _jspDestroy(); } /** * Entry point into service. */ public final void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { _jspService(request, response); } public void jspInit() { } public void _jspInit() { } public void jspDestroy() { } protected void _jspDestroy() { } public abstract void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException;}
HttpJspBase類是繼承HttpServlet的,所以HttpJspBase類是一個Servlet,而index_jsp又是繼承HttpJspBase類的,所以index_jsp類也是一個Servlet,所以當瀏覽器訪問服務器上的index.jsp頁面時,其實就是在訪問index_jsp這個Servlet,index_jsp這個Servlet使用_jspService這個方法處理請求。
2.2、Jsp頁面中的html排版標簽是如何被發送到客戶端的?
瀏覽器接收到的這些數據
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html> <head> <base href="http://localhost:8080/JavaWeb_Jsp_Study_20140603/" rel="external nofollow" > <title>First Jsp</title> </head> <body> Hello Jsp </body></html>
都是在_jspService方法中使用如下的代碼輸出給瀏覽器的:
out.write("\r"); out.write("\n");String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; out.write("\r\n"); out.write("\r\n"); out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n"); out.write("<html>\r\n"); out.write(" <head>\r\n"); out.write(" <base href=\""); out.print(basePath); out.write("\">\r\n"); out.write(" \r\n"); out.write(" <title>First Jsp</title>\r\n"); out.write("\t\r\n"); out.write(" </head>\r\n"); out.write(" \r\n"); out.write(" <body>\r\n"); out.write(" "); out.print("Hello Jsp"); out.write("\r\n"); out.write(" </body>\r\n"); out.write("</html>\r\n");
在jsp中編寫的java代碼和html代碼都會被翻譯到_jspService方法中去,在jsp中編寫的java代碼會原封不動地翻譯成java代碼,如<%out.print("Hello Jsp");%>直接翻譯成out.print("Hello Jsp");,而HTML代碼則會翻譯成使用out.write("<html標簽>\r\n");的形式輸出到瀏覽器。在jsp頁面中編寫的html排版標簽都是以out.write("<html標簽>\r\n");的形式輸出到瀏覽器,瀏覽器拿到html代碼后才能夠解析執行html代碼。
2.3、Jsp頁面中的java代碼服務器是如何執行的?
在jsp中編寫的java代碼會被翻譯到_jspService方法中去,當執行_jspService方法處理請求時,就會執行在jsp編寫的java代碼了,所以Jsp頁面中的java代碼服務器是通過調用_jspService方法處理請求時執行的。
2.4、Web服務器在調用jsp時,會給jsp提供一些什么java對象?
查看_jspService方法可以看到,Web服務器在調用jsp時,會給Jsp提供如下的8個java對象
PageContext pageContext;HttpSession session;ServletContext application;ServletConfig config;JspWriter out;Object page = this;HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response
其中page對象,request和response已經完成了實例化,而其它5個沒有實例化的對象通過下面的方式實例化
pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,null, true, 8192, true); application = pageContext.getServletContext(); config = pageContext.getServletConfig(); session = pageContext.getSession(); out = pageContext.getOut();
這8個java對象在Jsp頁面中是可以直接使用的,如下所示:
<% session.setAttribute("name", "session對象");//使用session對象,設置session對象的屬性 out.print(session.getAttribute("name")+"<br/>");//獲取session對象的屬性 pageContext.setAttribute("name", "pageContext對象");//使用pageContext對象,設置pageContext對象的屬性 out.print(pageContext.getAttribute("name")+"<br/>");//獲取pageContext對象的屬性 application.setAttribute("name", "application對象");//使用application對象,設置application對象的屬性 out.print(application.getAttribute("name")+"<br/>");//獲取application對象的屬性 out.print("Hello Jsp"+"<br/>");//使用out對象 out.print("服務器調用index.jsp頁面時翻譯成的類的名字是:"+page.getClass()+"<br/>");//使用page對象 out.print("處理請求的Servlet的名字是:"+config.getServletName()+"<br/>");//使用config對象 out.print(response.getContentType()+"<br/>");//使用response對象 out.print(request.getContextPath()+"<br/>");//使用request對象%>
運行結果如下:
2.5、Jsp最佳實踐
Jsp最佳實踐就是jsp技術在開發中該怎么去用。
不管是JSP還是Servlet,雖然都可以用于開發動態web資源。但由于這2門技術各自的特點,在長期的軟件實踐中,人們逐漸把servlet作為web應用中的控制器組件來使用,而把JSP技術作為數據顯示模板來使用。其原因為,程序的數據通常要美化后再輸出:讓jsp既用java代碼產生動態數據,又做美化會導致頁面難以維護。讓servlet既產生數據,又在里面嵌套html代碼美化數據,同樣也會導致程序可讀性差,難以維護。因此最好的辦法就是根據這兩門技術的特點,讓它們各自負責各的,servlet只負責響應請求產生數據,并把數據通過轉發技術帶給jsp,數據的顯示jsp來做。
2.6、Tomcat服務器的執行流程
第一次執行:
- 客戶端通過電腦連接服務器,因為是請求是動態的,所以所有的請求交給WEB容器來處理
- 在容器中找到需要執行的*.jsp文件
- 之后*.jsp文件通過轉換變為*.java文件
- *.java文件經過編譯后,形成*.class文件
- 最終服務器要執行形成的*.class文件
第二次執行:
因為已經存在了*.class文件,所以不在需要轉換和編譯的過程
修改后執行:
1.源文件已經被修改過了,所以需要重新轉換,重新編譯。
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